About the Authors
- Natalia A. Prado-Oviedo
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* E-mail: PradoN@si.edu
Affiliations Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Mary K. Bonaparte-Saller
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Affiliation Department of Animal Science and Center for Animal Welfare, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Elizabeth J. Malloy
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Affiliation Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Cheryl L. Meehan
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Affiliation AWARE Institute, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Joy A. Mench
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Affiliation Department of Animal Science and Center for Animal Welfare, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Kathy Carlstead
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Affiliation Independent Researcher, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Janine L. Brown
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Affiliation Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
Competing Interests
JM is involved in the Animal Research Advisory Group at PLOS ONE. JLB and NP-O are employed by Smithsonian National Zoological Park (an AZA-accredited zoo). KC was employed by the Honolulu Zoo (an AZA-accredited zoo) at the time of the study. CM is employed by AWARE Institute. AWARE Institute is a commercial entity founded by CM in 2014 and provides animal welfare assessment, research and education services to zoos and aquariums. These interests do not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JLB KC NPO MBS CLM EJM JM. Performed the experiments: NPO EJM MBS. Analyzed the data: NPO EJM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JLB KC. Wrote the paper: NPO EJM JLB JM CLM KC MBS.