About the Authors

Sarah C. Woodhall

Contributed equally to this work with: Sarah C. Woodhall, Gillian S. Wills

sarah.woodhall@phe.gov.uk (SW); anne.johnson@ucl.ac.uk (AMJ)

Affiliations National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Gillian S. Wills

Contributed equally to this work with: Sarah C. Woodhall, Gillian S. Wills

Affiliation Jefferiss Research Trust Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom

Patrick J. Horner

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Rachel Craig

Affiliation NatCen Social Research, London, United Kingdom

Jennifer S. Mindell

Affiliation Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Gary Murphy

Affiliation National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Myra O. McClure

Affiliation Jefferiss Research Trust Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom

Kate Soldan

Affiliation National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Anthony Nardone

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom

Anne M. Johnson

sarah.woodhall@phe.gov.uk (SW); anne.johnson@ucl.ac.uk (AMJ)

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

SCW, AN and GM are employed by Public Health England. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AMJ AN SW KS PH MM GW. Performed the experiments: GW. Analyzed the data: SW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MM GW GM RC JSM. Wrote the paper: SW GW PH RC JSM GM MM KS AN AMJ. Provided access to, and expert advice on analysis of, the Health Survey for England: RC JSM. Managed specimen storage: GM.