About the Authors

Ken D. Tape

kdtape@alaska.edu

Affiliation Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, United States of America

David D. Gustine

Contributed equally to this work with: David D. Gustine, Roger W. Ruess, Layne G. Adams, Jason A. Clark

Affiliation U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, United States of America

Roger W. Ruess

Contributed equally to this work with: David D. Gustine, Roger W. Ruess, Layne G. Adams, Jason A. Clark

Affiliation Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, United States of America

Layne G. Adams

Contributed equally to this work with: David D. Gustine, Roger W. Ruess, Layne G. Adams, Jason A. Clark

Affiliation U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, United States of America

Jason A. Clark

Contributed equally to this work with: David D. Gustine, Roger W. Ruess, Layne G. Adams, Jason A. Clark

Affiliation Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KT. Performed the experiments: KT. Analyzed the data: KT JC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KT JC DG LA RR. Wrote the paper: KT JC DG LA RR.