About the Authors

Zhipeng Gui

Affiliations School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, Center for Intelligent Spatial Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Manzhu Yu

Affiliation Center for Intelligent Spatial Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Chaowei Yang

cyang3@gmu.edu

Affiliation Center for Intelligent Spatial Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Yunfeng Jiang

Affiliation Center for Intelligent Spatial Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Songqing Chen

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Jizhe Xia

Affiliation Center for Intelligent Spatial Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Qunying Huang

Affiliations Center for Intelligent Spatial Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America, Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin‑Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Kai Liu

Affiliation Center for Intelligent Spatial Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Zhenlong Li

Affiliation Center for Intelligent Spatial Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Mohammed Anowarul Hassan

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America

Baoxuan Jin

Affiliation Yunnan Provincial Geomatics Center, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Competing Interests

This research is supported by Federal Geographic Data Committee (G13PG00091), Microsoft Research, NSF Cyber Polar, Innovation Center, EarthCube and Computer Network System Programs (PLR-1349259, IIP-1338925, CNS-1117300, ICER-1343759) and NASA (NNG12PP37I). This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CY ZG SC YJ MY BJ. Performed the experiments: ZG MY JX QH ZL KL MH. Analyzed the data: ZG MY CY SC MH QH KL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CY ZG YJ QH MY JX KL BJ. Wrote the paper: MY ZG CY YJ.