About the Authors

Moriah E. Katt

Contributed equally to this work with: Moriah E. Katt, Zinnia S. Xu

Affiliations Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America, Institute of Nanobiotechnology, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America

Zinnia S. Xu

Contributed equally to this work with: Moriah E. Katt, Zinnia S. Xu

Affiliations Institute of Nanobiotechnology, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America

Sharon Gerecht

Affiliations Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America, Institute of Nanobiotechnology, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America

Peter C. Searson

searson@jhu.edu

Affiliations Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America, Institute of Nanobiotechnology, 100 Croft Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MK ZX SG PS. Performed the experiments: MK ZX. Analyzed the data: MK ZX SG PS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MK ZX. Wrote the paper: MK ZX SG PS.