About the Authors

Iris Feinberg

Contributed equally to this work with: Iris Feinberg, Jan Frijters, Vicki Johnson-Lawrence

ifeinberg2@gsu.edu

Affiliation Adult Literacy Research Center at College of Education and Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Jan Frijters

Contributed equally to this work with: Iris Feinberg, Jan Frijters, Vicki Johnson-Lawrence

Affiliation Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, Toronto, Canada

Vicki Johnson-Lawrence

Contributed equally to this work with: Iris Feinberg, Jan Frijters, Vicki Johnson-Lawrence

Affiliation Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan, United States of America

Daphne Greenberg

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Educational Psychology, Special Education, and Communication Disorders, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Elena Nightingale

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Center for the Study of Adult Literacy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Chelsea Moodie

‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Center for the Study of Adult Literacy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: IF JF VJL. Performed the experiments: IF VJL. Analyzed the data: IF JF VJL EN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IF JF VJL. Wrote the paper: IF JF VJL DG EN CM.