About the Authors

David J. Allen

Contributed equally to this work with: David J. Allen, Eamonn Trainor

Affiliations Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

Eamonn Trainor

Contributed equally to this work with: David J. Allen, Eamonn Trainor

Affiliations Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Anna Callaghan

Affiliations Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, Pathogen Molecular Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Sarah J. O’Brien

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

Nigel A. Cunliffe

Affiliation Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Miren Iturriza-Gómara

M.Iturriza-Gomara@liverpool.ac.uk

Affiliations Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

SJOB, DJA and MIG gave invited presentations at an Infectious Disease Research Network meeting on norovirus in London in October 2014 that was supported by Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Neither of the other authors has declared an association that might pose a conflict of interest.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DJA ET MIG. Performed the experiments: ET AC. Analyzed the data: DJA ET MIG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJA NAC ET. Wrote the paper: DJA AT MIG SJO NAC.