About the Authors

Christopher Heylman

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America, Laboratory of Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America

Rupsa Datta

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America, Laboratory of Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America

Agua Sobrino

Affiliation Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America

Steven George

Contributed equally to this work with: Steven George, Enrico Gratton

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis. St. Louis, MO, United States of America

Enrico Gratton

Contributed equally to this work with: Steven George, Enrico Gratton

egratton@uci.edu

Affiliations Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America, Laboratory of Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: EG CH. Performed the experiments: CH RD. Analyzed the data: CH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AS SG. Wrote the paper: CH EG.