About the Authors

Jeff Wang

Affiliations Department of Radiation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8638, Japan, Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Proton Beam Therapy Center, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Fumi Kato

fumikato@med.hokudai.ac.jp

Affiliation Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Noriko Oyama-Manabe

Affiliations Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan, Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Proton Beam Therapy Center, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Ruijiang Li

Affiliations Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America, Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Proton Beam Therapy Center, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Yi Cui

Affiliation Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Proton Beam Therapy Center, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Khin Khin Tha

Affiliations Department of Radiation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8638, Japan, Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Proton Beam Therapy Center, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Hiroko Yamashita

Affiliation Department of Breast Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Kohsuke Kudo

Affiliations Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan, Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Proton Beam Therapy Center, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Hiroki Shirato

Affiliations Department of Radiation Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8638, Japan, Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and Engineering, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Proton Beam Therapy Center, North 14 West 5 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060–8648, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JW FK RL KKT KK HS. Performed the experiments: JW FK. Analyzed the data: JW FK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JW FK HY. Wrote the paper: JW FK NOM RL YC KKT HY KK HS.