About the Authors

Adam Stone

adam.stone@gallaudet.edu

Affiliations Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America, NSF Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning (VL2), Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Geo Kartheiser

Affiliations Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America, NSF Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning (VL2), Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Peter C. Hauser

Affiliations NSF Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning (VL2), Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America, Deaf Studies Laboratory, National Technical Institute for the Deaf, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Laura-Ann Petitto

Affiliations Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America, NSF Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning (VL2), Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America, Department of Psychology, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Thomas E. Allen

Affiliations Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America, NSF Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning (VL2), Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America, Department of Education, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TEA PCH. Performed the experiments: TEA. Analyzed the data: AS GK PCH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LAP TEA. Wrote the paper: AS GK LAP TEA.