About the Authors

Grace Mhalu

Contributed equally to this work with: Grace Mhalu, Jerry Hella

Affiliations Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Jerry Hella

Contributed equally to this work with: Grace Mhalu, Jerry Hella

Affiliations Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Basra Doulla

Affiliations Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Francis Mhimbira

Affiliations Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Hawa Mtutu

Affiliation Mwananyamala Regional Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Helen Hiza

Affiliation Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Mohamed Sasamalo

Affiliations Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Liliana Rutaihwa

Affiliations Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Hans L. Rieder

Affiliations Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany

Tamsyn Seimon

Affiliation Interactive Research & Development, Lausanne, Switzerland and Pakistan

Beatrice Mutayoba

Affiliation National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Mitchell G. Weiss

Affiliations Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Lukas Fenner

lukasfenner@unibas.ch

Affiliations Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GM JH MGW LF. Analyzed the data: GM JH FM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GM BD HM HH MS LR BM. Wrote the paper: GM JH BD FM HM HH MS LR HLR TS BM MW LF. Approved the final version of the manuscript, and met the criteria of the ICMJE: GM JH BD FM HM HH MS LR HLR TS BM MW LF