About the Authors

Huabing Li

Contributed equally to this work with: Huabing Li, Dake Xu

Affiliation School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeast University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

Dake Xu

Contributed equally to this work with: Huabing Li, Dake Xu

xudake@imr.ac.cn (DX); gu@ohio.edu (TG)

Affiliation Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

Yingchao Li

Affiliation Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America

Hao Feng

Affiliation School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeast University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

Zhiyong Liu

Affiliation Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China

Xiaogang Li

Affiliation Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China

Tingyue Gu

xudake@imr.ac.cn (DX); gu@ohio.edu (TG)

Affiliation Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America

Ke Yang

Affiliation Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DX TG. Performed the experiments: HL DX YL. Analyzed the data: HF ZL XL TG KY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DX HL TG KY. Wrote the paper: DX HL ZL XL TG KY.