About the Authors

Laughlin Stewart

Affiliation Canine Research Department, Canines, Inc., Durham, NC, United States of America

Evan L. MacLean

Affiliations Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America

David Ivy

Affiliation Canine Research Department, Canines, Inc., Durham, NC, United States of America

Vanessa Woods

Affiliations Canine Research Department, Canines, Inc., Durham, NC, United States of America, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America

Eliot Cohen

Affiliation Canine Research Department, Canines, Inc., Durham, NC, United States of America

Kerri Rodriguez

Affiliation Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America

Matthew McIntyre

Affiliation Statistics Department, 23 and me, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States of America

Sayan Mukherjee

Affiliation Departments of Statistical Science, Computer Science, Mathematics, Duke University, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America

Josep Call

Affiliations Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom, Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Juliane Kaminski

Affiliation Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

Ádám Miklósi

Affiliation MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary

Richard W. Wrangham

Affiliation Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America

Brian Hare

b.hare@duke.edu

Affiliations Canine Research Department, Canines, Inc., Durham, NC, United States of America, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have the following interests: Co-authors Laughlin Stewart, David Ivy, Vanessa Woods, and Eliot Cohen are employed by Canines, Inc. Co-author Matthew McIntyre is employed by 23 and me, Inc. Vanessa Woods and Brian Hare are co-founders of Dognition and own part of the Dognition company via Canines, Inc. Richard Wrangham, Adam Miklosi, Josep Call, and Juliane Kaminski are all acting members of the Dognition Scientific Advisory Board and own shares in the company. Laughlin Stewart, David Ivy, Eliot Cohen, and Kerri Rodriguez are also shareholders in the company. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LS ELM DI VW EC KR MM SM JC JK AM RWW BH. Analyzed the data: ELM SM MM LS BH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LS ELM DI VW EC KR MM SM JC JK AM RWW BH. Wrote the paper: LS ELM DI VW EC KR MM SM JC JK AM RWW BH.