About the Authors

Maria J. Kirrane

s105692474@student.ucc.ie

Affiliations School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Environmental Research Institute (ERI), University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland

Lilia I. de Guzman

Affiliation USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States of America

Beth Holloway

Affiliation USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States of America

Amanda M. Frake

Affiliation USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States of America

Thomas E. Rinderer

Affiliation USDA-ARS, Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States of America

Pádraig M. Whelan

Affiliations School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Environmental Research Institute (ERI), University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MJK LIG AMF BH TER PMW. Performed the experiments: MJK LIG AMF BH. Analyzed the data: MJK LIG AMF BH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MJK LIG AMF BH TER PMW. Wrote the paper: MJK LIG AMF BH TER PMW.