About the Authors

Brian E. Ford

These authors are co-first authors on this work.

Affiliations Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Bruce Sun

Current address: The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America

These authors are co-first authors on this work.

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

James Carpino

Current address: The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Elizabeth S. Chapler

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Jane Ching

Current address: University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Yoon Choi

Current address: Smilow Research Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Kevin Jhun

Current address: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Jung D. Kim

Current address: Epidemiology and Public Health, City University of New York School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Gregory G. Lallos

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Rachelle Morgenstern

Current address: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Shalini Singh

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Sai Theja

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

John J. Dennehy

john.dennehy@qc.cuny.edu

Current address: The New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America

Affiliation Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BEF JJD. Performed the experiments: BEF BS J. Carpino ESC J. Ching YC KJ JDK GGL RM SS ST JJD. Analyzed the data: BEF BS J. Ching KJ GGL RM JJD. Wrote the paper: BEF BS J. Carpino GL JJD.