About the Authors

Shinya Ishii

Affiliation Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan

Tomoki Tanaka

Affiliation Institute of Gerontology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan

Masahiro Akishita

Affiliation Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan

Yasuyoshi Ouchi

Affiliation Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan

Tetsuo Tuji

Affiliation Institute of Gerontology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan

Katsuya Iijima

iijima@iog.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Affiliation Institute of Gerontology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan

for the Kashiwa study investigators

Membership of the Kashiwa study investigators is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SI KI MA. Analyzed the data: SI. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SI. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: SI. Contributed substantially to revision: SI KI T. Tanaka MA YO T. Tuji KI. Contributed to data collection: SI KI T. Tanaka T. Tuji.