About the Authors

Kenneth Blum

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

drd2gene@gmail.com

Affiliations Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, New York, United States of America, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States of America, Human Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical and Translational Science, and Department of Psychiatry, UVM College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

David Han

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

Affiliation Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America

John Femino

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

Affiliation Meadows Edge Recovery Center, North Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States of America

David E. Smith

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

Affiliation David Smith and Associates and Institute of Health and Aging, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Scott Saunders

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

Affiliation Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States of America

Thomas Simpatico

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

Affiliation Human Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical and Translational Science, and Department of Psychiatry, UVM College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America

Stephen J. Schoenthaler

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

Affiliation Department of Sociology, California State University, Turlock, California, United States of America

Marlene Oscar-Berman

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

Affiliation Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mark S. Gold

Contributed equally to this work with: Kenneth Blum, David Han, John Femino, David E. Smith, Scott Saunders, Thomas Simpatico, Stephen J. Schoenthaler, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Mark S. Gold

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America

Competing Interests

SS of Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, de-identified the post hoc collected data. There is a conflict of interest involving KB, DH, JF, DES, and TS, who are members of the Scientific Advisory Board of Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. SS is a full-time paid employee of Dominion Diagnostics, LLC. KB is the recipient of a grant from Life Extension Foundation, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KB SS. Performed the experiments: KB SS. Analyzed the data: DH SS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SS. Wrote the paper: KB DH JF DES SS TS SJS MOB MSG. Provided in-depth analysis of DATOS and input into the paper: SJS. Provided important urine testing references: MSG. Provided clinical concepts and framework: DES JF. Conducted and directed all aspects of the data collection, statistical analyses, and writing: KB DH.