About the Authors
- Vikram Puvenna
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Contributed equally to this work with: Vikram Puvenna, Chanda Brennan
Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Chanda Brennan
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Contributed equally to this work with: Vikram Puvenna, Chanda Brennan
Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Clinical-Bioanalytical Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Gerald Shaw
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Affiliation Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Cui Yang
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Affiliation Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Nicola Marchi
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Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Jeffrey J. Bazarian
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Affiliation Departments of Emergency Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Kian Merchant-Borna
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Affiliation Departments of Emergency Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Damir Janigro
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* E-mail: janigrd@ccf.org
Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Clinical-Bioanalytical Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts:Damir Janigro has two patents: Markers of Blood Barrier Disruption and Methods of using same (US 7,144,708) and Peripheral Marker of Blood Brain Barrier Permeability (US 6,884,591B2). Damir Janigro received 5 years ago income from a 2 year license of the S100B technology. The authors are not aware at this time of any organization which may benefit from the publication of this article. No diagnostic or use-related claims or data are contained herein. Damir Janigro and Nicola Marchi hold two US patents on the use of S100B as a marker of blood-brain barrier disruption. The Cleveland Clinic policy on conflict of interest has established a management plan to ensure compliance with NIH guidelines and Cleveland Clinic policies. This does not alter their adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: DJ JB. Performed the experiments: VP CB GS CY. Analyzed the data: DJ VP CB JB KMB NM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJ VP CB JB KMB NM. Wrote the paper: DJ VP CB JB. Approval of the final manuscript: DJ.