About the Authors

Vikram Puvenna

Contributed equally to this work with: Vikram Puvenna, Chanda Brennan

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Chanda Brennan

Contributed equally to this work with: Vikram Puvenna, Chanda Brennan

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Clinical-Bioanalytical Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Gerald Shaw

Affiliation Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America

Cui Yang

Affiliation Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America

Nicola Marchi

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Jeffrey J. Bazarian

Affiliation Departments of Emergency Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Kian Merchant-Borna

Affiliation Departments of Emergency Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Damir Janigro

janigrd@ccf.org

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Department of Clinical-Bioanalytical Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts:Damir Janigro has two patents: Markers of Blood Barrier Disruption and Methods of using same (US 7,144,708) and Peripheral Marker of Blood Brain Barrier Permeability (US 6,884,591B2). Damir Janigro received 5 years ago income from a 2 year license of the S100B technology. The authors are not aware at this time of any organization which may benefit from the publication of this article. No diagnostic or use-related claims or data are contained herein. Damir Janigro and Nicola Marchi hold two US patents on the use of S100B as a marker of blood-brain barrier disruption. The Cleveland Clinic policy on conflict of interest has established a management plan to ensure compliance with NIH guidelines and Cleveland Clinic policies. This does not alter their adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DJ JB. Performed the experiments: VP CB GS CY. Analyzed the data: DJ VP CB JB KMB NM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJ VP CB JB KMB NM. Wrote the paper: DJ VP CB JB. Approval of the final manuscript: DJ.