About the Authors

Clara L. Mackenzie

Current address: Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

Affiliation School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, United Kingdom

Graham A. Ormondroyd

Affiliation Biocomposites Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom

Simon F. Curling

Affiliation Biocomposites Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom

Richard J. Ball

Affiliation Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom

Nia M. Whiteley

n.m.whiteley@bangor.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom

Shelagh K. Malham

Affiliation School of Ocean Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CLM GAO NMW SKM. Performed the experiments: CLM GAO SFC RJB. Analyzed the data: CLM SFC RJB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GAO SFC RJB SKM. Wrote the paper: CLM NMW. Maintenance of the animals: CLM NMW.