About the Authors

Lyle R. McKinnon

Contributed equally to this work with: Lyle R. McKinnon, Sean M. Hughes

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Sean M. Hughes

Contributed equally to this work with: Lyle R. McKinnon, Sean M. Hughes

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Stephen C. De Rosa

Affiliations Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Jeffrey A. Martinson

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Jill Plants

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Kirsten E. Brady

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Pamela P. Gumbi

Affiliation Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Devin J. Adams

Affiliation Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Lucia Vojtech

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Christine G. Galloway

Affiliation Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Michael Fialkow

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Gretchen Lentz

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Dayong Gao

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Zhiquan Shu

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Billy Nyanga

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Preston Izulla

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Joshua Kimani

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Steve Kimwaki

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Alfred Bere

Affiliation Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Zoe Moodie

Affiliation Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Alan L. Landay

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Jo-Ann S. Passmore

Affiliations Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa

Rupert Kaul

Affiliations Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

Richard M. Novak

Affiliation College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

M. Juliana McElrath

Affiliations Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Florian Hladik

fhladik@fhcrc.org

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: FH ALL JP RK RMN JSP MJM. Performed the experiments: LRM SMH JAM JP KEB PPG DJA LV ZS BN AB. Analyzed the data: FH LRM SMH DJA DG SCD ZM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SCD. Wrote the paper: LRM SMH FH. Recruited study participants and obtained clinical samples: CGG MF GL PI JK SK.