About the Authors

Sopna Choudhury

Affiliations National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) Birmingham and Black Country Theme 8, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Shakir Hussain

Affiliations National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) Birmingham and Black Country Theme 8, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Guiqing Yao

Affiliations National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) Birmingham and Black Country Theme 8, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Primary Care and population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Jill Hill

Affiliation Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Waqar Malik

Affiliations Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Diabetes Centre, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Shahrad Taheri

staheri@me.com

Affiliations National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) Birmingham and Black Country Theme 8, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in New York USA and Doha, Qatar, Department of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ST WM. Performed the experiments: SC SH. Analyzed the data: SC SH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WM JH. Wrote the manuscript: SC SH GY JH WM ST.