About the Authors

Abdou Razac Boukary

Affiliations Department of Livestock promotion and Management of Natural Resources, ONG Karkara, Niamey, Niger, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR), University of Liege, Liege, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger

Claude Saegerman

Affiliation Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR), University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

Emmanuel Abatih

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

David Fretin

Affiliation Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agro-chemical Research Centre, Uccle, Belgium

Rianatou Alambédji Bada

Affiliation Service of Microbiology-Immunology-Infectious Pathology, Interstate School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine, Dakar, Senegal

Reginald De Deken

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Halimatou Adamou Harouna

Affiliation Ministry of Livestock, Direction of Animal Health, Maradi, Niger

Alhassane Yenikoye

Affiliation Faculty of Agronomy, University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger

Eric Thys

ethys@itg.be

Affiliation Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ARB CS ET. Performed the experiments: ARB DF. Analyzed the data: ARB CS EA ET. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ARB EA DF CS. Wrote the paper: ARB CS EA DF RAB RDD AHH AY ET.