About the Authors

Brent E. Walling

Affiliation Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Zhizhou Kuang

Affiliation Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Yonghua Hao

Affiliation Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

David Estrada

Current address: Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Joshua D. Wood

Current address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America

Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Feifei Lian

Current address: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Lou Ann Miller

Affiliation Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Amish B. Shah

Current address: Intel Corporation TMG Labs, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America

Affiliation Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Jayme L. Jeffries

Affiliation Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Richard T. Haasch

Affiliation Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Joseph W. Lyding

Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Eric Pop

Current address: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Affiliations Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Gee W. Lau

geelau@illinois.edu

Affiliation Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BEW ZK YH JJ DE JDW FL RTH JWL EP GWL. Performed the experiments: BEW ZK YH JJ DE JDW FL LAM ABS RTH JWL EP. Analyzed the data: BEW DE JDW FL LAM ABS RTH JWL EP GWL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BEW ZK YH JJ DE JDW FL LAM ABS RTH JWL EP GWL. Wrote the manuscript: BEW DE JDW FL RTH JWL EP GWL.