About the Authors

Alain Gagnon

alain.gagnon.4@umontreal.ca

Affiliation Département de Démographie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Matthew S. Miller

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America

Stacey A. Hallman

Affiliation Deparment of Sociology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

Robert Bourbeau

Affiliation Département de Démographie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

D. Ann Herring

Affiliation Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

David JD. Earn

Affiliations Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Joaquín Madrenas

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Analyzed the data: AG MSM SAH RB. Wrote the paper: AG MSM SAH RB DAH DJDE JM. Provided cues regarding immunological mechanisms: MSM JM.