About the Authors

Sari Räisänen

shraisan@student.uef.fi

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Mika Gissler

Affiliations National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland, Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden

Juho Saari

Affiliation Kuopio Welfare Research Centre (KWRC), Department of Social Sciences, The University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Michael Kramer

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Seppo Heinonen

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SR MG JS MK SH. Performed the experiments: SR MG JS MK SH. Analyzed the data: SR MG SH. Wrote the paper: SR MG JS MK SH.