About the Authors

Philippe Barboza

p.barboza@invs.sante.fr

Affiliation International Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Institut de Veille Sanitaire), Saint Maurice, France

Laetitia Vaillant

Affiliation International Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Institut de Veille Sanitaire), Saint Maurice, France

Abla Mawudeku

Affiliation Situational Awareness Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada

Noele P. Nelson

Affiliation Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America

David M. Hartley

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C, United States of America

Lawrence C. Madoff

Affiliation ProMED-mail, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jens P. Linge

Affiliation Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy

Nigel Collier

Affiliation National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan

John S. Brownstein

Affiliation Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Roman Yangarber

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Pascal Astagneau

Affiliation Department of Public Health, Pierre et Marie Curie University School of Medicine, Paris, France

on behalf of the Early Alerting, Reporting Project of the Global Health Security Initiative

Membership of the Early Alerting and Reporting Project of the Global Health Security Initiative is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PB LV AM PA. Performed the experiments: PB LV. Analyzed the data: PB LV PA. Wrote the paper: PB LV AM NPN DMH LCM JPL NC JSB RY PA.