About the Authors

Philippa C. Matthews

Contributed equally to this work with: Philippa C. Matthews, Jennifer Listgarten

p.matthews@doctors.org.uk

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jennifer Listgarten

Contributed equally to this work with: Philippa C. Matthews, Jennifer Listgarten

Affiliation eScience Group, Microsoft Research, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Jonathan M. Carlson

Affiliation eScience Group, Microsoft Research, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Rebecca Payne

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Kuan-Hsiang Gary Huang

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

John Frater

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Dominique Goedhals

Affiliation Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of the Free State/National Health Laboratory Services, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Dewald Steyn

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Cloete van Vuuren

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Paolo Paioni

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Pieter Jooste

Affiliation Paediatric Department, University of Free State, Kimberley Hospital, Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa

Anthony Ogwu

Affiliation Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Roger Shapiro

Affiliations Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Zenele Mncube

Affiliation HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa

Thumbi Ndung'u

Affiliations HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Bruce D. Walker

Affiliations HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

David Heckerman

Affiliation eScience Group, Microsoft Research, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Philip J. R. Goulder

Affiliations Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa

Competing Interests

JL, JC, and DH are employees of Microsoft and own stock in the company. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PM JL JC JF DH PG. Performed the experiments: JL JC DH. Analyzed the data: PM JL JC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JL JC DH. Wrote the paper: PM JL JC DH PG. Designed the software used in analysis: JL JC DH. Managed clinical cohorts/contributed patient data for analysis: PM RP KH JF DG DS CV PP PJ AO RS ZM TN BW.