About the Authors

Bevin Gangadharan

Bevin.Gangadharan@bioch.ox.ac.uk

Affiliation Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Manisha Bapat

Contributed equally to this work with: Manisha Bapat, Jan Rossa

Affiliation Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jan Rossa

Contributed equally to this work with: Manisha Bapat, Jan Rossa

Affiliation Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Robin Antrobus

Affiliation Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

David Chittenden

Affiliation Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Bettina Kampa

Affiliation Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Eleanor Barnes

Affiliations Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom

Paul Klenerman

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Raymond A. Dwek

Affiliation Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Nicole Zitzmann

Affiliation Oxford Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

Professor Raymond Dwek is a Director and Member of the Scientific Board of United Therapeutics Corp., which supported this work in part through a “Blue Skies” research grant. A patent covering the biomarkers in this study has been filed. The patent number is 61178334. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BG NZ. Performed the experiments: BG MB JR RA DC BK. Analyzed the data: BG RA RAD NZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BG EB PK NZ. Wrote the paper: BG NZ.