About the Authors

Yubing Sun

Affiliations Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Luis G. Villa-Diaz

Affiliation Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Raymond H. W. Lam

Current address: Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Affiliations Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Weiqiang Chen

Affiliations Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Paul H. Krebsbach

Affiliations Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Jianping Fu

jpfu@umich.edu

Affiliations Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YS LGVD PHK JF. Performed the experiments: YS LGVD RHWL WC. Analyzed the data: YS LGVD PHK JF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YS LGVD RHWL WC. Wrote the paper: YS LGVD PHK JF.