About the Authors

Osman Abdullahi

oabdulla@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Angela Karani

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Caroline C. Tigoi

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Daisy Mugo

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Stella Kungu

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Eva Wanjiru

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Jane Jomo

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Robert Musyimi

Affiliation Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya

Marc Lipsitch

Affiliations Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

J. Anthony G. Scott

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kilifi, Kenya, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

Professor Scott has received grant support from GSK and travel/accommodation support to attend a Merck meeting. Professor Lipsitch has been paid for consultancy services by Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Pfizer/Wyeth Vaccines, Avian/Pandemic Flu Registry (Outcome Sciences), i3 Innovus (consulting company that works for pharmas) and AIR (a company developing risk model for pandemic flu). There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: OA JAGS. Performed the experiments: AK CT DM SK EW JJ RM OA. Analyzed the data: OA JAGS ML. Wrote the paper: OA JAGS ML.