About the Authors

Richard Stafford

Affiliation Luton Institute of Research in Applied Natural Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom

Gray A. Williams

Affiliation The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Mark S. Davies

mark.davies@sunderland.ac.uk

Affiliation Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MSD GAW RS. Performed the experiments: MSD GAW RS. Analyzed the data: MSD GAW RS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MSD GAW RS. Wrote the paper: MSD GAW RS. Wrote the code for the model: RS.