About the Authors

Teresa M. Abney

Affiliations Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Yuan Feng

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Robert Pless

Affiliation Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Ruth J. Okamoto

Affiliation Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Guy M. Genin

Affiliations Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Philip V. Bayly

baylyp@seas.wustl.edu

Affiliations Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TMA RJO GMG PVB. Performed the experiments: TMA GMG PVB. Analyzed the data: TMA YF RP RJO GMG PVB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TMA YF RP RJO GMG PVB. Wrote the paper: TMA GMG PVB.