About the Authors

Kate Birnie

Contributed equally to this work with: Kate Birnie, Rachel Cooper

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Rachel Cooper

Contributed equally to this work with: Kate Birnie, Rachel Cooper

r.cooper@nshd.mrc.ac.uk

Affiliation Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing and Division of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Richard M. Martin

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Diana Kuh

Affiliation Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing and Division of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Avan Aihie Sayer

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Beatriz E. Alvarado

Affiliation Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada

Antony Bayer

Affiliation Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Centre for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Kaare Christensen

Affiliation The Danish Twin Registry and The Danish Aging Research Center, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Sung-il Cho

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Cyrus Cooper

Affiliations Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, National Institute for Health and Research Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Janie Corley

Affiliation Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Leone Craig

Affiliation Institute of Applied Health Sciences and Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Ian J. Deary

Affiliation Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Panayotes Demakakos

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Shah Ebrahim

Affiliation Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

John Gallacher

Affiliation Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Centre for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Alan J. Gow

Affiliation Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

David Gunnell

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Steven Haas

Affiliation School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America

Tomas Hemmingsson

Affiliation Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Hazel Inskip

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Soong-nang Jang

Affiliation Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Kenya Noronha

Affiliation Economics Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Merete Osler

Affiliation Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark

Alberto Palloni

Affiliation Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America

Finn Rasmussen

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Brigitte Santos-Eggimann

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Jacques Spagnoli

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

John Starr

Affiliation Department of Geriatric Medicine and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Andrew Steptoe

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Holly Syddall

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

Per Tynelius

Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

David Weir

Affiliation Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Lawrence J. Whalley

Affiliation Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Maria Victoria Zunzunegui

Affiliation Departement de Medecine Sociale et Preventive, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada

Yoav Ben-Shlomo

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Rebecca Hardy

Affiliation Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing and Division of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

on behalf of the HALCyon study team

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KB RC RMM DK YBS RH. Analyzed the data: KB RC SH TH HI SJ KN MO FR J. Spagnoli J. Starr BEA MVZ. Wrote the paper: KB RC. Literature review and data extraction: KB RC. Acquisition of data: KB RC RMM DK AAS BEA AB KC SC CC JC LC IJD PD SE JG AJG DG SH TH HI SJ KN MO AP FR BS J. Spagnoli J. Starr AS HS PT DW LJW MVZ YBS RH. Interpretation of results: YBS KB RC RH DK RMM. Critical revision and approval of the manuscript: KB RC RMM DK AAS BEA AB KC SC CC JC LC IJD PD SE JG AJG DG SH TH HI SJ KN MO AP FR BS J. Spagnoli J. Starr AS HS PT DW LJW MVZ YBS RH.