About the Authors

C. Mark Eakin

coralreefwatch@noaa.gov

Affiliation Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Jessica A. Morgan

Affiliation NOAA Coral Reef Watch, IM Systems Group, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Scott F. Heron

Affiliations NOAA Coral Reef Watch, ReefSense Pty. Ltd., Townsville, Queensland, Australia, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

Tyler B. Smith

Affiliation Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, United States of America

Gang Liu

Affiliation NOAA Coral Reef Watch, IM Systems Group, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip

Affiliations Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel, Cozumel, México, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

Bart Baca

Affiliation CSA South, Inc., Dania Beach, Florida, United States of America

Erich Bartels

Affiliation Center for Coral Reef Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Summerland Key, Florida, United States of America

Carolina Bastidas

Affiliation Instituto de Tecnología y Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela

Claude Bouchon

Affiliation Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France

Marilyn Brandt

Affiliation Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, United States of America

Andrew W. Bruckner

Affiliation Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Landover, Maryland, United States of America

Lucy Bunkley-Williams

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, United States of America

Andrew Cameron

Affiliation Global Vision International and Amigos de Sian Ka'an Asociación Civil, Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, México

Billy D. Causey

Affiliation Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Key West, Florida, United States of America

Mark Chiappone

Affiliation Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Key Largo, Florida, United States of America

Tyler R. L. Christensen

Affiliation NOAA Coral Reef Watch, IM Systems Group, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

M. James C Crabbe

Affiliation Luton Institute for Research in the Applied Natural Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom

Owen Day

Affiliation Buccoo Reef Trust, Carnbee, Trinidad and Tobago

Elena de la Guardia

Affiliation Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba

Guillermo Díaz-Pulido

Affiliations Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia, Griffith School of Environment and Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia

Daniel DiResta

Affiliation Marine and Atmospheric Science Program, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America

Diego L. Gil-Agudelo

Affiliation Insituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), Santa Marta, Colombia

David S. Gilliam

Affiliation National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, Florida, United States of America

Robert N. Ginsburg

Affiliation Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Virginia Key, Florida, United States of America

Shannon Gore

Affiliation Conservation and Fisheries Department, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands, United Kingdom

Héctor M. Guzmán

Affiliation Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá

James C. Hendee

Affiliation Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado

Affiliation Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Ellen Husain

Affiliation Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom

Christopher F. G. Jeffrey

Affiliation Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Ross J. Jones

Affiliation Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St George's, Bermuda

Eric Jordán-Dahlgren

Affiliation Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México

Les S. Kaufman

Affiliation Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

David I. Kline

Affiliations Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá

Philip A. Kramer

Affiliation The Nature Conservancy, Sugarloaf Key, Florida, United States of America

Judith C. Lang

Affiliation Ocean Research and Education Foundation Inc., Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America

Diego Lirman

Affiliation Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Virginia Key, Florida, United States of America

Jennie Mallela

Affiliations Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, Research School of Earth Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

Carrie Manfrino

Affiliation Central Caribbean Marine Institute and Kean University, Union, New Jersey, United States of America

Jean-Philippe Maréchal

Affiliation Observatoire du Milieu Marin Martiniquais, Fort de France, Martinique, France

Ken Marks

Affiliation Ocean Research and Education Foundation Inc., Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America

Jennifer Mihaly

Affiliation Reef Check, Pacific Palisades, California, United States of America

W. Jeff Miller

Affiliation South Florida/Caribbean Network, Virgin Islands National Park, St. John, United States Virgin Islands, United States of America

Erich M. Mueller

Affiliation Perry Institute for Marine Science, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America

Erinn M. Muller

Affiliation Biological Sciences Department, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States of America

Carlos A. Orozco Toro

Affiliation Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (CORALINA), San Andrés Isla, Colombia

Hazel A. Oxenford

Affiliation Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados

Daniel Ponce-Taylor

Affiliation Global Vision International and Amigos de Sian Ka'an Asociación Civil, Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, México

Norman Quinn

Affiliation St. Croix East End Marine Park, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands, United States of America

Kim B. Ritchie

Affiliation Center for Coral Reef Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Summerland Key, Florida, United States of America

Sebastián Rodríguez

Affiliation Instituto de Tecnología y Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela

Alberto Rodríguez Ramírez

Affiliation Insituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), Santa Marta, Colombia

Sandra Romano

Affiliation Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, United States of America

Jameal F. Samhouri

Affiliation Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Juan A. Sánchez

Affiliation Departamento Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

George P. Schmahl

Affiliation Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Burton V. Shank

Affiliation Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America

William J. Skirving

Affiliation NOAA Coral Reef Watch, ReefSense Pty. Ltd., Townsville, Queensland, Australia

Sascha C. C. Steiner

Affiliation Institute for Tropical Marine Ecology Inc., Roseau, Dominica

Estrella Villamizar

Affiliation Instituto de Zoología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

Sheila M. Walsh

Affiliation Environmental Change Initiative, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Cory Walter

Affiliation Center for Coral Reef Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Summerland Key, Florida, United States of America

Ernesto Weil

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, United States of America

Ernest H. Williams

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, United States of America

Kimberly Woody Roberson

Affiliation Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America

Yusri Yusuf

Affiliation ReefBase and Institute of Oceanography, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CME JAM SFH TBS GL TRLC WS. Performed the experiments: TBS LAF BB EB CB CB MB AB LBW AC BC MC MJCC OD EdlG GDP DD DLGA DSG RG SG HMG JH EAHD EH CFGJ RJJ EJD LK DK PK JCL DL JM CM JPM KM JM WJM EMM EM CAOT HAO DPT NQ SR ARR SR JFS JAS GPS BS SCCS EV SMW CW EW EHW KWR YbY. Analyzed the data: CME JAM SFH GL KBR. Wrote the paper: CME JAM SFH TBS.