About the Authors

Adam D. Bachstetter

Affiliations Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Jennifer Jernberg

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Andrea Schlunk

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Jennifer L. Vila

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Charles Hudson

Affiliation James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Research Service, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Michael J. Cole

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

R. Douglas Shytle

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Jun Tan

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Paul R. Sanberg

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Cyndy D. Sanberg

Affiliation NaturaTherapeutics, Incorporated, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Cesario Borlongan

Affiliations Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America, James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Research Service, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Yuji Kaneko

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Naoki Tajiri

Affiliation Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Carmelina Gemma

Affiliations Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America, James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Research Service, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Paula C. Bickford

pbickfor@health.usf.edu

Affiliations Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America, James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Research Service, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Competing Interests

PCB and PRS are founders of NaturaTherapeutics, Inc., and have consulting relationship but no employment with NaturaTherapeutics, Inc.; JT and RDS are consultants for NaturaTherapeutics, Inc. NT-020 is a patented formulation that is marketed by NaturaTherapeutics, Inc. The patent is held by CDS, PB, JT, RDS, PRS, the University of South Florida and the Veterans Administration. CDS is employed by NaturaTherapeutics, Inc. These relationships do not alter adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ADB RDS JT PS CDS CG PCB. Performed the experiments: ADB JJ AS JV CEH MJC YK NT CG. Analyzed the data: ADB CVB YK CG PCB. Wrote the paper: ADB CG PCB.