About the Authors

Marshall Hampton

Affiliation Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America

Wayne W. Xu

Affiliation Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Brian W. Kram

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America

Emily M. Chambers

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America

Jerad S. Ehrnriter

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America

Jonathan H. Gralewski

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America

Teresa Joyal

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America

Clay J. Carter

cjcarter@d.umn.edu

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BWK EMC CJC. Performed the experiments: BWK EMC JSE JHG TJ CJC. Analyzed the data: MH WWX JSE JHG TJ CJC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MH WWX CJC. Wrote the paper: MH WWX BWK EMC JHG TJ CJC.