About the Authors

Hariklia Eleftherohorinou

Contributed equally to this work with: Hariklia Eleftherohorinou, Victoria Wright

Affiliations Division of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Victoria Wright

Contributed equally to this work with: Hariklia Eleftherohorinou, Victoria Wright

Affiliation Division of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Clive Hoggart

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Anna-Liisa Hartikainen

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin

Affiliations Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Institute of Health and Welfare, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

David Balding

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Lachlan Coin

These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Michael Levin

m.levin@imperial.ac.uk

These authors also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Division of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived the pathway-based approach and the adverse/protective analysis and individual visualisation of data, interpreted data, oversaw the project, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript and edited final manuscript: ML. Developed with LC the statistical approach to pathway analysis; carried out the statistical and bioinformatic analysis of the WTCCC data, including the cumulative pathway approach, variable selection, logistic regression, model evaluation, adverse/protective analysis; participated in interpretation of data, preparation of figures, and writing of the manuscript: HE. Identified and developed the pathways for analysis, and carried out the biological analysis; participated in interpretation and analysis of the data, preparation of figures, and writing of the manuscript: VJW. Developed the variable selection method, and contributed to analysis interpretation and writing of the manuscript: CH. Provided genotypic data from the 1966 Finnish birth cohort, and contributed to interpretation of the data: ALH. Reviewed the clinical T1D cases, provided genotypic data from the 1966 Finnish birth cohort, and contributed to analysis and interpretation of the data: MRJ. Advised and oversaw statistical methods, participated in analysis and data interpretation, edited the manuscript: DB. Conceived the statistical methods for the pathway approach and oversaw the analysis; interpreted the results, contributed to the preparation of figures, and wrote and edited the manuscript: LC.