About the Authors

Ruth E. Hubbard

ruth.hubbard@cdha.nshealth.ca

Affiliation Geriatric Medicine Research Unit, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada

Nader Fallah

Affiliation Geriatric Medicine Research Unit, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada

Samuel D. Searle

Affiliation Geriatric Medicine Research Unit, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada

Arnold Mitnitski

Affiliation Geriatric Medicine Research Unit, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada

Kenneth Rockwood

Affiliations Geriatric Medicine Research Unit, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KR. Analyzed the data: NF SDS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ABM. Wrote the paper: REH KR. Verified the analyses and developed procedures for model adjustment: NF ABM. Read and approved the final version of he manuscript: NF SDS ABM KR. Secured funding for the study and these analyses: KR. Senior investigator of CSHA, collected data and supervised local data collection at each wave: KR.