About the Authors

Hendrik Harms

Contributed equally to this work with: Hendrik Harms, Konstantin Prass, Christian Meisel

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Konstantin Prass

Contributed equally to this work with: Hendrik Harms, Konstantin Prass, Christian Meisel

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Waldviertel Horn, Horn, Austria

Christian Meisel

Contributed equally to this work with: Hendrik Harms, Konstantin Prass, Christian Meisel

Affiliation Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Juliane Klehmet

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Witold Rogge

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Christoph Drenckhahn

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Jos Göhler

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Stefan Bereswill

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Ulf Göbel

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Klaus Dieter Wernecke

Affiliation Department of Biometrics and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Tilo Wolf

Affiliation Department of Neurology, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom

Guy Arnold

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Klinikum Sindelfingen-Böblingen, Sindelfingen, Germany

Elke Halle

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Hans-Dieter Volk

Affiliation Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Ulrich Dirnagl

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Andreas Meisel

andreas.meisel@charite.de

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Competing Interests

HH, AM, KP, UD, EH, SB, and CM received speakers' honoraria from Bayer Vital GmbH. A patent application on anti-infective agents and immunmodulators used for preventive therapy following an acute cerebrovascular accident has been filed to the European Patent Office (PCT/EP03/02246); Patent owner: Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Patent inventors: AM, CM, KP, EH, UD.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: UD AM HH KP KW TW GA UG. Performed the experiments: SB AM HH KP CM JK WR CD EH. Analyzed the data: KW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SB EH. Wrote the paper: AM HH JG. Other: Added contributions: CM SB KW EH UD KP. Added comments: WR CD VG TW GA HV JK.