About the Authors

Yaseen M. Arabi

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

yaseenarabi@yahoo.com

Affiliation Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Zohair Al Aseri

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Emergency, Department of Intensive Care, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abdulmohsen Alsaawi

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Medical Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Ali M. Al Khathaami

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Quality and Patient Safety Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Eman Al Qasim

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abdullah A. Alzahrani

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Quality and Patient Safety Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Al Qarni

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Quality and Patient Safety Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Sheryl Ann I. Abdukahil

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Hasan M. Al-Dorzi

Roles Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abdulaleem Alattasi

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Yasser Mandourah

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Tareef Y. Alaama

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Deputyship of Curative Services, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Mohammed K. Alabdulaali

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Adaa Health Program, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman Alqahtani

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Executive Director of Medical Affairs Department, Ministry of Health, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Ahmad Shuaibi

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Medical Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Ali Al Qarni

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Mufareh Alkatheri

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Quality and Patient Safety Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Raed H. Al Hazme

Roles Resources, Software, Supervision

Affiliations Department of Health Informatics, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America

Ramesh Kumar Vishwakarma

Roles Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization

Affiliations Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Statistics Department, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium

Omar Aldibasi

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Saeed Alshahrani

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Critical Care, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia

Ashraf Attia

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Critical Care, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman Alharthy

Roles Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Ahmed Mady

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliations Department of Intensive Care, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt

Basheer Abdullah Abdelrahman

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Huda Ahmad Mhawish

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Hassan Ahmad Abdallah

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Fahad Al-Hameed

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Khalid Alghamdi

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Adnan Alghamdi

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Ghaleb A. Almekhlafi

Roles Project administration, Resources, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Saleh Abdorabo Haider Qasim

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Hussain Ali Al Haji

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Respiratory Services Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Al Mutairi

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Respiratory Services Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Nabiha Tashkandi

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Nursing Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Shatha Othman Alabbasi

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Respiratory Services Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Tariq Al Shehri

Roles Investigation, Supervision

Affiliation Respiratory Services Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Emad Moftah

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Rehabilitation Services Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Basim Kalantan

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Rehabilitation Services Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Amal Matroud

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Nursing Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Brintha Naidu

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Nursing Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Salha Al Zayer

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Nursing Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Victoria Burrows

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Nursing Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Zayneb Said

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Nursing Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Naseer Ahmed Soomro

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Arar Central Hospital, Arar, Saudi Arabia

Moawea Hesham Yousef

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Alrass General Hospital, AlQassim, Saudi Arabia

Ayman Abdulmonem Fattouh

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Fahad Hospital, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia

Manar Aboelkhair Tahoon

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia

Majdi Muhammad

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Gurayat General Hospital, AlGurayat, Saudi Arabia

Afifah Muslim Alruwili

Roles Investigation, Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Nursing Services, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

Hossam Ahmed Al Hanafi

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Salman Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Pramodini B. Dandekar

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Abdullah Hospital, Bisha, Saudi Arabia

Kamel Ibrahim

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Khalid General Hospital, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

Mwafaq AlHomsi

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Buraydah Central Hospital, AlQassim, Saudi Arabia

Asma Rayan Al Harbi

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, AlQassim, Saudi Arabia

Adel Saleem

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Faisal Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Ejaz Masih

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Khaled Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

Nowayer Monawer Al Rashidi

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Khaled Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

Aslam Khan Amanatullah

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Khalid Hospital, Hail, Saudi Arabia

Jaffar Al Mubarak

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Respiratory Services, King Khalid General Hospital, Hafer Al Batin, Saudi Arabia

Amro Ali Abduljalil Al Radwan

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Jubayl General Hospital, Jubayl, Saudi Arabia

Ali Al Hassan

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Khalid Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia

Sadiyah Al Muoalad

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Nursing Services, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Ammar Abdullah Alzahrani

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Respiratory Services Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Jamal Chalabi

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Ahmad Qureshi

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Maryam Al Ansari

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Hend Sallam

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Alyaa Elhazmi

Roles Project administration, Supervision

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Fawziah Alkhaldi

Roles Investigation

Affiliation Nursing Services, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abdulrauf Malibary

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Department of Intensive Care Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abdullah Ababtain

Roles Investigation, Project administration

Affiliation Respiratory Services, Royal Commission Health Services Program, Jubayl, Saudi Arabia

Asad Latif

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Sean M. Berenholtz

Roles Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

the Saudi Critical Care Trials Group

Membership of the Saudi Critical Care Trials Group is provided in S1 Table.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.