About the Authors

Elizabeth R. Lusczek

Contributed equally to this work with: Elizabeth R. Lusczek, Nicholas E. Ingraham

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Nicholas E. Ingraham

Contributed equally to this work with: Elizabeth R. Lusczek, Nicholas E. Ingraham

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

ingra107@umn.edu

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Basil S. Karam

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America

Jennifer Proper

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Lianne Siegel

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Erika S. Helgeson

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Sahar Lotfi-Emran

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Emily J. Zolfaghari

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Emma Jones

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Michael G. Usher

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Jeffrey G. Chipman

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

R. Adams Dudley

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America, Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Bradley Benson

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Genevieve B. Melton

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America, Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Anthony Charles

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America

Monica I. Lupei

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America

Christopher J. Tignanelli

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America, Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America, Department of Surgery, North Memorial Health Hospital, Robbinsdale, MN, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.