About the Authors

Jinma Ren

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

jinmaren@uic.edu

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States of America

Kirk Moberg

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation UnityPoint Health Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, Peoria, IL, United States of America

Heidi Scuffham

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Resources

Affiliation UnityPoint Health Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, Peoria, IL, United States of America

Dongming Guan

Roles Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States of America

Carl V. Asche

Roles Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States of America, Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomic Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, United States of America

Competing Interests

We have the following interest. This study was partly funded by Par-A-Dice Hotel and Casino. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.