About the Authors

Benjamin D. K. Wood

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing

bwood@integrallc.com

Current address: Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning Department, Integra LLC, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Affiliation International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Rui Müller

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Annette N. Brown

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft

Affiliation Chief Science Office, FHI 360, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The Journal of Development Effectiveness, one of the ten journals used for drawing the data sample, is sponsored by 3ie, which is the former employer of Wood and Brown. Wood and Brown currently work in organizations with colleagues who are authors of studies included in the sample. 3ie funded or partially funded a few of the studies in the sample. We confirm that these associations in no way influenced our sample selection or analysis.