Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 830 hookworm-PCR tested children stratified per study group.
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of sub population (severely anemic cases) stratified per iron status.
Table 3.
PCR-determined hookworm distribution stratified per study group.
Figure 1.
PCR-detected hookworm infection and its association with severe anemia.
Displayed are the adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals for hookworm infection and its association with severe anemia. Hookworm infection is defined as an A. duodenale and/or a N. americanus infection; infection load is defined by the following cycle thresholds (Ct): low 35<Ct<50; moderate 25<Ct≤35; high Ct≤25. In case of dual infection the lowest Ct-value was counted. Severe anemia is defined as a hemoglobin of <5.0 g per decilitre. The multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, recent use of hematinics or anti-malarial treatment, history of transfusions, death of a parent, limited maternal education (mother did not attend secondary school), wasting (defined as a Z-score of weight for height <−2), vitamin B12 deficiency (<20 ng/dL), vitamin A deficiency (<20 ug/dL), HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, bacteremia, malaria parasitemia, G6PD deficiency and IL-10-23 mutations.
Figure 2.
PCR-detected hookworm infection and its association with iron deficiency.
Displayed are the adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals for hookworm infection and its association with iron deficiency. Hookworm infection is defined as an A. duodenale and/or a N. americanus infection; infection load is defined by the following cycle thresholds (Ct): low 35<Ct<50; moderate 25<Ct≤35; high Ct≤25. In case of dual infection the lowest Ct-value was counted. Iron deficiency is defined as a bone marrow smear score of 0 or 1 [29]. The multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, study location, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection and wasting (defined as a Z-score of weight for height <−2). These analyses include only children with severe anemia (hemoglobin of <5.0 g per decilitre).
Table 4.
PCR-determined hookworm distribution in severely anemic children stratified per iron status.