About the Authors

Calman A. MacLennan

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

calman.maclennan@ndm.ox.ac.uk

Affiliations Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Chisomo L. Msefula

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Esther N. Gondwe

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

James J. Gilchrist

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom

Paul Pensulo

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Wilson L. Mandala

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi

Grace Mwimaniwa

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Meraby Banda

Roles Data curation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Julia Kenny

Roles Data curation, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Lorna K. Wilson

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Amos Phiri

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Jenny M. MacLennan

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Elizabeth M. Molyneux

Roles Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Malcolm E. Molyneux

Roles Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi

Stephen M. Graham

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliations Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi, Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

Competing Interests

CAM was the recipient of a clinical research fellowship from GlaxoSmithKline. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS policies on sharing data and materials.