About the Authors

Terence Tafatatha

ttafatatha@yahoo.com

Affiliations Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Miriam Taegtmeyer

Affiliation Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Bagrey Ngwira

Affiliations Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Amos Phiri

Affiliation Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi

Mariot Kondowe

Affiliation Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi

Wilson Piston

Affiliation Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi

Anna Molesworth

Affiliations Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Ndoliwe Kayuni

Affiliation Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi

Olivier Koole

Affiliations Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Amelia Crampin

Affiliations Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

John Horton

Affiliation Tropical Projects, Hitchin, United Kingdom

Neil French

Affiliations Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga District, Malawi, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NF JH BN AC TT. Performed the experiments: TT AP MK WP. Analyzed the data: TT MT BN NF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MT NF. Wrote the paper: TT BN MT AP MK WP AM NK JH NF OK AC. Read, gave comments and approved final version of the manuscript: MT AM OK AC JH NF TT.