About the Authors

Rosanna Ghinai

Affiliation Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Philip El-Duah

Affiliation Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Kai-Hua Chi

Affiliation Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Allan Pillay

Affiliation Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Anthony W. Solomon

Affiliations Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Robin L. Bailey

Affiliations Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Nsiire Agana

Affiliation Public Health Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana

David C. W. Mabey

Affiliations Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Cheng-Yen Chen

Affiliation Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Yaw Adu-Sarkodie

Contributed equally to this work with: Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Michael Marks

Affiliation Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Michael Marks

Contributed equally to this work with: Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Michael Marks

michael.marks@lshtm.ac.uk

Affiliations Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MM YAS DCWM NA RLB AWS. Performed the experiments: RG PED KHC AP CYC. Analyzed the data: RG PED KHC AP CYC MM YAS DCWM NA RLB AWS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KHC AP CYC YAS MM. Wrote the paper: RG PED KHC AP CYC MM YAS DCWM NA RLB AWS.