About the Authors

Koji Ichiyama

Contributed equally to this work with: Koji Ichiyama, Sindhoora Bhargavi Gopala Reddy

Affiliations Translational ID Lab, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Human Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan

Sindhoora Bhargavi Gopala Reddy

Contributed equally to this work with: Koji Ichiyama, Sindhoora Bhargavi Gopala Reddy

Affiliations Translational ID Lab, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, India

Li Feng Zhang

Affiliation Translational ID Lab, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Wei Xin Chin

Affiliation Translational ID Lab, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Tegshi Muschin

Affiliation Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan

Lars Heinig

Affiliation Translational ID Lab, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Youichi Suzuki

Affiliation Translational ID Lab, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Haraprasad Nanjundappa

Affiliation Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, India

Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka

Affiliation Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

Akihide Ryo

Affiliation Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan

Nobuo Nomura

Affiliation Department of Human Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan

Eng Eong Ooi

Affiliation Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Subhash G. Vasudevan

Affiliation Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Takashi Yoshida

Affiliation Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan

Naoki Yamamoto

micny@nus.edu.sg

Affiliation Translational ID Lab, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NY. Performed the experiments: KI SBGR LH. Analyzed the data: KI SBGR YS HN YY AR NN SGV EEO TY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EEO SGV LFZ WXC TM. Wrote the paper: NY KI SBGR.