About the Authors

Johan Esterhuizen

Affiliations Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Thomas Odhiambo Campus, Mbita Point, Kenya

Basilio Njiru

Affiliation International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Thomas Odhiambo Campus, Mbita Point, Kenya

Glyn A. Vale

Affiliations Natural Resource Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, United Kingdom, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Michael J. Lehane

m.j.lehane@liv.ac.uk

Affiliation Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Stephen J. Torr

Affiliation Natural Resource Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SJT GAV JE MJL. Performed the experiments: JE BN. Analyzed the data: JE MJL GAV SJT. Wrote the paper: JE MJL SJT GAV.