Physical Activity Attenuates the Influence of FTO Variants on Obesity Risk: A Meta-Analysis of 218,166 Adults and 19,268 Children

• Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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• Lu Qi ,

  * E-mail: luqi@hsph.harvard.edu (LQ); paul.franks@med.lu.se (PWF); ruth.loos@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk (RJFL)

  Affiliation Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Soren Brage,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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• Stephen J. Sharp,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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• Emily Sonestedt,

  Affiliation Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden

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• Ellen Demerath,

  Affiliation Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

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• Tariq Ahmad,

  Affiliation Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

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• Samia Mora,

  Affiliation Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Marika Kaakinen,

  Affiliation Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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• Camilla Helene Sandholt,

  Affiliation Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark

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• Christina Holzapfel,

  Affiliations Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, University Hospital “Klinikum rechts der Isar,” Munich, Germany

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• Christine S. Autenrieth,

  Affiliation Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

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• Elina Hyppönen,

  Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

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• Stéphane Cauchi,

  Affiliation CNRS-UMR-8090, Department of Genomics and Molecular Physiology of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Biology of Lille, Lille, France

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• Meian He,

  Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Zoltan Kutalik,

  Affiliation Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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• Meena Kumari,

  Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom

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• Alena Stančáková,

  Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

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• Karina Meidtner,

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany

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• Beverley Balkau,

  Affiliations INSERM, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse and determinants of early nutrition, Villejuif, France, University Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France

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• Jonathan T. Tan,

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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• Massimo Mangino,

  Affiliation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

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• Nicholas J. Timpson,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Yiqing Song,

  Affiliation Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• M. Carola Zillikens,

  Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands

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• Kathleen A. Jablonski,

  Affiliation The Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Melissa E. Garcia,

  Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Stefan Johansson,

  Affiliations Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

  ⨯
• Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham,

  Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯
• Ying Wu,

  Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

  ⨯
• Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk,

  Affiliation Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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• N. Charlotte Onland-Moret,

  Affiliations Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

  ⨯
• Esther Zimmermann,

  Affiliations Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

  ⨯
• Natalia V. Rivera,

  Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

  ⨯
• Toshiko Tanaka,

  Affiliations Medstar Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Heather M. Stringham,

  Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯
• Günther Silbernagel,

  Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease, and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

  ⨯
• Stavroula Kanoni,

  Affiliation Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece

  ⨯
• Mary F. Feitosa,

  Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

  ⨯
• Soren Snitker,

  Affiliation University of Maryland School of Medicine, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Jonatan R. Ruiz,

  Affiliations Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden, Department of Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

  ⨯
• Jeffery Metter,

  Affiliation Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Maria Teresa Martinez Larrad,

  Affiliation Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

  ⨯
• Mustafa Atalay,

  Affiliation Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland

  ⨯
• Maarit Hakanen,

  Affiliation The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

  ⨯
• Najaf Amin,

  Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

  ⨯
• Christine Cavalcanti-Proença,

  Affiliation CNRS-UMR-8090, Department of Genomics and Molecular Physiology of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Biology of Lille, Lille, France

  ⨯
• Anders Grøntved,

  Affiliation Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

  ⨯
• Göran Hallmans,

  Affiliation Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Section for Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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• John-Olov Jansson,

  Affiliation Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

  ⨯
• Johanna Kuusisto,

  Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

  ⨯
• Mika Kähönen,

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

  ⨯
• Pamela L. Lutsey,

  Affiliation Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

  ⨯
• John J. Nolan,

  Affiliation Steno Diabetes Centre, Gentofte, Denmark

  ⨯
• Luigi Palla,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Oluf Pedersen,

  Affiliations Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Marie Krogh Center for Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

  ⨯
• Louis Pérusse,

  Affiliation Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada

  ⨯
• Frida Renström,

  Affiliations Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden, Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden

  ⨯
• Robert A. Scott,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Dmitry Shungin,

  Affiliations Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden, Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

  ⨯
• Ulla Sovio,

  Affiliation Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Tuija H. Tammelin,

  Affiliations Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland, LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland

  ⨯
• Tapani Rönnemaa,

  Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

  ⨯
• Timo A. Lakka,

  Affiliation Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland

  ⨯
• Matti Uusitupa,

  Affiliations Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland, Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

  ⨯
• Manuel Serrano Rios,

  Affiliation Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

  ⨯
• Luigi Ferrucci,

  Affiliation Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Claude Bouchard,

  Affiliation Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America

  ⨯
• Aline Meirhaeghe,

  Affiliation INSERM, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Université Lille 2, Lille, France

  ⨯
• Mao Fu,

  Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Mark Walker,

  Affiliation Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Ingrid B. Borecki,

  Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

  ⨯
• George V. Dedoussis,

  Affiliation Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece

  ⨯
• Andreas Fritsche,

  Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease, and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

  ⨯
• Claes Ohlsson,

  Affiliation Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

  ⨯
• Michael Boehnke,

  Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

  ⨯
• Stefania Bandinelli,

  Affiliation Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze, Florence, Italy

  ⨯
• Cornelia M. van Duijn,

  Affiliations Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands

  ⨯
• Shah Ebrahim,

  Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Debbie A. Lawlor,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Vilmundur Gudnason,

  Affiliations Icelandic Heart Association, Heart Preventive Clinic and Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

  ⨯
• Tamara B. Harris,

  Affiliation Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

  ⨯
• Thorkild I. A. Sørensen,

  Affiliation Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

  ⨯
• Karen L. Mohlke,

  Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

  ⨯
• Albert Hofman,

  Affiliations Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

  ⨯
• André G. Uitterlinden,

  Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

  ⨯
• Jaakko Tuomilehto,

  Affiliations Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland, Department of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria

  ⨯
• Terho Lehtimäki,

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

  ⨯
• Olli Raitakari,

  Affiliations The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

  ⨯
• Bo Isomaa,

  Affiliations Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland

  ⨯
• Pål R. Njølstad,

  Affiliations Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

  ⨯
• Jose C. Florez,

  Affiliations Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Simin Liu,

  Affiliation Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, School of Public Health and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

  ⨯
• Andy Ness,

  Affiliation School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Timothy D. Spector,

  Affiliation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• E. Shyong Tai,

  Affiliation Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

  ⨯
• Philippe Froguel,

  Affiliations CNRS-UMR-8090, Department of Genomics and Molecular Physiology of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Biology of Lille, Lille, France, Centre and Department of Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Heiner Boeing,

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany

  ⨯
• Markku Laakso,

  Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

  ⨯
• Michael Marmot,

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Sven Bergmann,

  Affiliation Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

  ⨯
• Chris Power,

  Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Kay-Tee Khaw,

  Affiliation Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Daniel Chasman,

  Affiliation Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Paul Ridker,

  Affiliation Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Torben Hansen,

  Affiliations Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark, Marie Krogh Center for Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

  ⨯
• Keri L. Monda,

  Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

  ⨯
• Thomas Illig,

  Affiliation Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

  ⨯
• Marjo-Riitta Järvelin,

  Affiliations Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Life Course and Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland

  ⨯
• Nicholas J. Wareham,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Frank B. Hu,

  Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  ⨯
• Leif C. Groop,

  Affiliation Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden

  ⨯
• Marju Orho-Melander,

  Affiliation Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden

  ⨯
• Ulf Ekelund,

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

  ⨯
• Paul W. Franks ,

  * E-mail: luqi@hsph.harvard.edu (LQ); paul.franks@med.lu.se (PWF); ruth.loos@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk (RJFL)

  Affiliations Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden, Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden

  ⨯
•  [ ... ],
• Ruth J. F. Loos

  * E-mail: luqi@hsph.harvard.edu (LQ); paul.franks@med.lu.se (PWF); ruth.loos@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk (RJFL)

  Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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